![]() Ligands are termed first messengers, while receptors are the signal transducers, which then activate primary effectors. In multicellular organisms, signal transduction pathways regulate cell communication in a wide variety of ways.Įach component (or node) of a signaling pathway is classified according to the role it plays with respect to the initial stimulus. These molecular events are the basic mechanisms controlling cell growth, proliferation, metabolism and many other processes. At the molecular level, such responses include changes in the transcription or translation of genes, and post-translational and conformational changes in proteins, as well as changes in their location. When signaling pathways interact with one another they form networks, which allow cellular responses to be coordinated, often by combinatorial signaling events. The changes elicited by ligand binding (or signal sensing) in a receptor give rise to a biochemical cascade, which is a chain of biochemical events known as a signaling pathway. Proteins responsible for detecting stimuli are generally termed receptors, although in some cases the term sensor is used. Most commonly, protein phosphorylation is catalyzed by protein kinases, ultimately resulting in a cellular response. Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events. For systemic signal transduction, see Transduction (physiology). ![]() This article is about signaling at the cellular level.
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